Roots of Hitler's and the Nazis' Hatred of Jews （胆小的勿进，图片很恐怖）

billzhao · 发表于 2009-3-16 22:14

转下面这篇文章的目的是看了这些照片后比较好奇想知道希特勒怎么那么恨犹太人

在乌克兰的南部村庄，一群德国党卫军正在集中乌克兰犹太人，此张照片是这些妇女在被屠杀前照的，其中还有抱着小孩子的犹太人妇女。

此张照片是被屠杀后的犹太妇女，她们都没有了衣服，横尸山野

站在墙边等待死亡的犹太人

Many of the 'theories' about Hitler's hatred of the Jews, especially those claiming to be based on a single experience early in his life, are no more than fanciful guesswork.
The reasons given by Hitler in his autobiography, 'Mein Kampf', are not trustworthy. The book is propaganda, and a long rant by a man with a huge chip on his shoulder.
In the last 30 years or so historians have increasingly distinguished between how his acquisition of the ordinary antisemitism of his background and time (Roman Catholic Upper Austria, lower middle class, around 1880-1910) and the obsessive hatred that later became one of his hallmarks.
It appears that, contrary to what he says in 'Mein Kampf', Hitler's extreme antisemitism only arose towards the end of World War 1 or even later, possibly only when he found that it was the easiest way of producing wild cheering in the beer halls of Munich. (See Volume 1 of Ian Kershaw's two volume biography, Hubris, Penguin Books 1998).
There had been anti-Jewish prejudice of varying degrees of intensity in many parts of Europe and elsewhere for a long time. A distinctive feature of Hitler's antisemitism was that it was formulated as conspiracy theory. For many, especially in Bavaria, this went hand in hand with the 'stab-in-the-back' theory, that is, with the view that Germany had not been defeated on the battlefield but had been brought down by liberal, socialist and Communist subversives on the home front. Potentially, this link made antisemitism explosive.
In much of Europe it was assumed that Jews were Communists. In many hardline right wing circles there was talk about a supposed 'Judeo-Bolshevist conspiracy'. This was highly inflammatory. Despite his ranting against Jewish businessmen Hitler saw the Jews as the 'biological root' of Bolshevism. (See the link below on the influence of emigres from Russia).
In Bavaria but not in other most parts of Germany a number of Marxists of Jewish origin had been prominent in the upheavals of 1918-1919. Most, like Ernst Toller for example, were idealistic utopians. They were not conspirators or traitors or anything of that sort. However, their origins were shamelessly exploited for propaganda purposes.
Many extreme German Nationalists (not only the Nazis) called the new German republic as a 'Jewish republic' (though almost none of its leaders were Jews). There was a widespread tendency, not only in Germany, to equate the Jews with subversion, Communism, treason - you name it. In many of his speeches Hitler often used the words Jews and Bolshevists almost interchangeably. He merged rabid anti-communism with equally fanatical antisemitism. To this he later added the claim that Jews were homosexuals, even 'homosexualists', who were allegedly undermining the manliness and and figthing spirit of the German people. This combination was of course a 'witches' brew'.
Against this background there are also many contributing factors and possible theories. Here is some further input:

Jealousy. Some Jews were successful and held influential positions in Austria and Germany in the 1920s and 1930s. At the same time, the world was suffering in the Great Depression. For various reasons, including war reparations for World War I, Germany was being hit the hardest by the worldwide economic depression. Successful Jews were envied and blamed for "taking German jobs."

During World War I, Communism was on the rise. Lenin's revolution had forced Russia out of the war. The German Army at times faced near mutiny among their own troops. This contributed to Germany being forced to sue for peace. Since some socialist/communist leaders were Jewish this was exploited as another reason for Germans to hate Jews. Hitler often spoke of Bolshevik (communist) Jewry. There is still a strong association in people's minds between Jews and leftists.

Hitler and others absorbed some of their parents' racism. Anti-Semitism has a long history.

Some Germans believed that "Jewish bankers" were responsible for the Treaty of Versailles.

Jews became a scapegoat for all of Germany's economic problems. (According to this racist sentiment, "international Jewish financiers like the Rothschilds, etc., plunged the world into a war for their business profit.")

Hitler and many Nazis were influenced by the notorious anti-Semitic book called "Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion."

Some claim that Hitler's father was half-Jewish and he was deeply ashamed of this. Hitler's grandmother on his father's side was said to have been a maid in the home of a Jewish family in Graz. When she left she was pregnant with his father. [However, nobody has been able to give the street where the house was, and at the relevant time Jews were not allowed to live in Graz].

Hitler lived in Vienna from 1907 to 1913 and those were the most difficult years of his life. Hitler was trying to become an artist or to make himself a name in field of arts. He was twice rejected from the Vienna Academy of Fine Art. The second rejection by the Academy was one of the most traumatic experience of his life [or so he said]; all his dreams were shattered. He claimed that the professors that rejected him were Jewish ... [However, according to Ian Kershaw's biography, Hitler was very lazy and made absolutely no attempt to prepare for the admission process].

The Nazis had a vision of an Aryan German race that did not include Jews and many other groups of people.

Here is an example of Hitler's anti-Semitic racism from a speech given in Munich in July 1922: "His is no master people; he is an exploiter: the Jews are a people of robbers. He has never founded any civilization, though he has destroyed civilizations by the hundred...everything he has stolen. Foreign people, foreign workmen build him his temples, it is foreigners who create and work for him, it is foreigners who shed their blood for him."

Some say Hitler and the Nazis were simply opportunistic demagogues. Inciting hatred of the Jews was the means to an end. The Nazis used hatred of the Jews to unify the German people and create a new German empire. Nothing unites a people more than when they believe they are constantly under attack and fighting a common enemy. The Jews were convenient enemies. After propagating this idea of Jews being the scum of the earth so passionately, Hitler and the Nazis may have deluded themselves into believing it more deeply.

The Christian religions blamed the death of Christ on the Jews. One can see in the Bible the statement that the Jews demanded the death of Jesus, and said, "let it be upon our heads and that of our children." This became an excuse to abuse the Jews for more than a thousand years. It was not until the 1960s that the Catholic Church stated that the Jews were NOT to blame for the death of Jesus.

In the 1930s there was a lot of anti-Jewish feeling and resentment in the Western world. Many Jews who tried to escape the persecution in Germany were refused entry into the US and other European countries and also many countries further afield.

Antisemitism has been rife throughout European history, largely because they were a distinct, easily identifiable group, who refused to integrate. (Those who really wanted to integrate converted.) Of course now we see pluralism as a virtue, and a variety of ethnicities and religions as a positive thing. However, if you want to set yourself up as the totalitarian dictator of a NATION then you have to establish a clear identity for that nation and stick to it; variety is an anathema.

Another key element of a dictatorship is fear, and a visible scapegoat experiencing the wrath of the state is a good way to keep people from stepping out of line.

Hitler stated: "The war is to be a war of annihilation". His henchman Heinrich Himmler declared: "All Poles will disappear from the world. . . . It is essential that the great German people should consider it as a major task to destroy all Poles."
He didn't just hate the Jews. He found that to be the best way to take over the world.

The Jews did absolutely nothing to deserve the treatment they got. Like the Africans and the Indians the Jews were just picked for hatred and unjust things but again they did absolutely nothing!

Since the 1870s the Jews had been the object of a new wave of demonization and conspiracy theories. On the whole this wasn't taken too seriously in Germany, but in Austria anti-Jewish conspiracy theories were spread by extreme right-wing politicians and also by the Roman Catholic Church, which knew perfectly well that these theories were rubbish. Young Adolf was a server (altar-boy) and may have been influenced by this.

Well, there were more "sub-humans", as Hitler called those poor people, than he could handle. He had to find ways to kill them without making it too obvious. That's when the real Holocaust started! He built extermination camps, where he could kill many thousands of people at a time.

Hitler blamed the German defeat in WWI on the Jews, and he hated them. When he took power he started rounding them up. He did the same when he started taking over other countries. He used the Jews, Poles, gays, gypsies, Russians and mentally challenged people as slave labor and then started to annihilate them in gas chambers. His reason - hatred. He classed the above mentioned people as sub human and basically in his Nazi world there was no place for the "sub human", only the Aryan (blonde hair blue eyed Germans)

To understand the Holocaust you have to understand the Darwinian biology of the time. There was a growing sense, particularly since Ernst Haeckel, that there were those in society who were 'biologically' inferior and that for a 'fit' world to survive and thrive, those who were 'unfit' should be done away with. Instead of letting nature take its course, there was a unspoken sense that humans could take matters into their own hands. I am obviously not supporting this twisted logic, but that is a key to understanding how a number of things converged to create the nightmare of the century. [One should note that 'biological inferiority' is almost entirely subjective. In Britain, for example, many Social Darwinists (especially those active in education) were most impressed by the achievements of Jews in schools and universities and concluded that they were a 'superior breed' ...]

Hitler blamed the Jews for Germany's defeat in World War I.

Not only did Hitler thank the Jewish doctor who treated his mother, apparently he allowed the doctor to escape Nazi Germany without repercussions. (Doesn't sound like he was too angry at the man).

The man was crazy. He had mental problems. He believed that Germans were a superior race. He was jealous of Jewish people as they had always had great success. Jews were hard working people. The only reason for all this hatred and killing was jealousy.
He didn't only kill Jews. He killed Communists, liberals, homosexuals, gypsies and many other groups, including millions of victims of warfare. Why he did is up for debate, but I'd guess a mixture of antisemitism and stereotypes of the as Jews as Communists, subsersives and all kinds of other things - as a means to an end. (A common way to gain power is to spread fear and panic about an enemy (real or imaginary), stir up hatred and present yourself as the only person able to 'save' the country.

[ 本帖最后由 billzhao 于 2009-3-16 22:23 编辑 ]

billzhao · 发表于 2009-3-16 22:16

希特勒是个极端的种族主义者和反犹主义者。他在《我的奋斗》中写道：“雅利安人的最大对立面就是犹太人。”他把犹太人看作是世界的敌人，一切邪恶事物的根源，一切灾祸的根子，人类生活秩序的破坏者。这些观点成了希特勒后来屠杀数百万犹太人，企图灭绝犹太人的理论依据。究其原因大致可以从以下四个方面加以透视：

1、历史的原由。在历史上，欧洲人对犹太人持有成见。为了阐明问题，有必要对犹太民族的历史作一个简单的机关的回顾。犹太人的远祖是古代闪族的支脉希伯莱人，公元前，他们的祖先曾聚居生活在阿拉伯马勒斯坦土地上。公元1世纪，罗马帝国攻占巴基斯坦后，犹太人举行过多次大规模反抗罗马占领者的起义，但都遭到了罗马统治者的血腥镇压。到公元135年的犹太人起义再义惨遭失败为止，在这1个多世纪的时间里，罗马统治者屠杀了百万犹太人，最后把还把余者全部赶出马勒斯坦土地，使他们流散到西欧完全处于落后的小生产的农牧社会，土地被人们视为最珍贵的财富，商业则是人们鄙视的行业。犹太人逃往西欧后，当地的封建主们非常歧视他们，不许他们占有土地，只许他们经营商业。不知是历史过错教育了他们，还是生死磨难砥砺了他们，或者说这本来就是历史赋予的机遇，总之，由这一切所构成的历史集合体，铸就了犹太人的特质，使得他们聪明起来，坚强起来。他们不仅在困境中顽强地繁衍生息，而且逐渐地富有了。

公元13至15世纪，欧洲开始进入资本主义社会，当地新兴资产阶级同那些经商致富的新兴的犹太人资本家们，产生了利益冲突，噩运再次降临到犹太人的头上。现实利益的冲突加上宗教信仰的差异，大批犹太人被迫流往东欧及美洲各国，开始了历史上的犹太人第二次逃亡。不幸的是，这种反对犹太人的意识，居然演变成了一种文化沉淀，在某些国家和地区一直“遗传”到现代。尤其是进入本世纪后的德及奥民族，反犹情绪与日俱增，希特勒及其追随者就是其中的典型代表。

2、宗教的情结。基督教是世界上流传最广、信教人数最多的宗教。在欧洲，特别是西欧，人们普遍信仰基督耶稣。虽说基督教的经典《圣经》之一的《旧约全书》，原是犹太教的经典，两教之间有着密切的历史渊源，但基督教教义认为，是耶稣的12门徒之一的犹大为了30块银币而出卖了上帝之子，是犹太人将耶稣钉死在十字架上，这就造成了基督徒们在情感上对犹太人的仇视。所以说信奉基督教的欧洲人在宗教感情上是很难接纳犹太人。这种宗教感情的社会化，又逐渐衍化成一种大众化的厌恶犹太人的社会心态。同样，这种社会心态也作为一种文化沉淀。世代“遗传”，并随着岁月的推移，逐渐与社会经济政治相结合，使之成为一种随时可以被利用的社会政治的潜在力量。当这种潜在的东西某个（些）政治野心家利用时，就会像火山一样喷发，成为一种疯狂的社会驱动力。

应该看到，当时的德及奥民族的内部，民族主义思潮盛行，原有的宗教情绪在现实利益冲突的激化下，使人们本来已有的反犹情绪更加激烈，从而加剧了对犹太人的仇视。在这种社会氛围的熏陶下，希特勒的“仇犹反犹”观点逐步形成，并迅速成为了这股社会情绪的主导，一方面，当时德及奥民族仇犹反犹的社会情绪极大地刺激着他的政治野心，使其民族主义思想恶性膨胀，为其日后仇犹反犹灭犹政策和措施制造社会价值取向，培植政治力量。

3、现实的需要。本世纪20年代末30年代初，爆发了世界性经济危机，严重打击了德国，使其工业生产倒退到了上世纪末的水平，国力渐衰。深刻的经济危机不仅激化了国内的阶级矛盾，而且刺激了垄断资产阶级对外扩张的野心。“德意志民族必须从掠夺的土地和生产空间中寻找出路”，希特勒的这一争霸世界的主张，得到了德国垄断资产阶级的拥护和支持。然而，实施建立一个德意志民族的日耳曼帝国的罪恶计划需要巨额资金提供财力保证。在国力衰落的情况下，把手伸向富有的犹太人成为了他们的理所当然。

另外，居住在欧洲各地的犹太人，较之于其他民族而言，不仅富有，而且素质也要高些。面对这样一个民族，希特勒及其党徒们，既感到仇恨，又觉得胆怯。在他们的心中，犹太人这个特殊的社会群体，是他们实现“第三帝国”美梦的严重威胁。这些，无疑加剧了希特勒对犹太人的仇恨和政治嫉恨。加上当时德国社会政治生活完全处在一种极端疯狂的症状之中，使希特勒的仇犹反犹观点不仅有了适当的社会环境，且得以迅速疯狂起来。

4、狂暴的病态心理。希特勒是奥地利海关一个小官吏的私生子，从小缺少良好的教育，青少年时代整天流浪于维也纳和慕尼黑街头，铸就了他既自私又狂妄的性格。正如他小时的一位班主任老师后来回忆所说的那样：“希特勒缺乏自制力，至少被大家认为性格执拗，刚愎自用，自以为是和脾气暴躁。”加上他患有痉挛性的神经质，发起癫狂来甚至会趴在地上啃地毯边。从有关史料上可以看出，狂暴是希特勒性格的典型特征。例如，1942年的一天，纳粹德国武装部队外科医师扎尔·伯罗赫奉命去晋见希特勒，希特勒的爱犬就猛扑这位医师，吓得他魂不附体，医师被迫与它细声细语地说话，很快它就平静地趴在医师身边，把前肢搁在医师膝盖上，两眼温顺地看着他，并与他逗笑。希特勒见此情景暴跳如雷：“它是完全忠于我的惟一生物，可你把它骗去了，我要杀死它。”声音越来越高，简直到了嘶叫的地步，恕吼着威胁要监禁医生，类似这样的事，时有发生，狂暴如嫉恨，又造就了他的狠毒和残忍，希特勒是一个有严重病态心理的政治狂人。

上述四大原因，如果孤立地看其中任何一个原因，都很难构成对犹太人的灭绝性仇杀。只有把这四大原因融合为一体时，才能产生确定性的使犹太民族在劫难逃的社会效应，而希特勒则是把这四大原因巧妙地结合在一起的魁首。

首先，纳粹党打着当时在德国流行的民族主义和社会主义两块招牌，宣扬德意志民族是优秀民族，把犹太民族视为劣等民族。为了蛊惑人心，欺骗德国广大民众，希特勒对这种种族歧视理论从两个方面进行了周密的包装。一是按照他自己的社会逻辑，怕断章取义地摘取前人论述人口问题中的某些词句，拼凑成一个种族优劣的理论，为把犹太人打入劣等人种制造理论依据。二是利用早就深植于德及奥人心中的反犹意识和宗教情结，大肆鼓吹“犹太瘟疫”的谬论。经过希特勒的蓄意“嫁接”，使得这个理论再也不是一般意义上的种族歧视了。他利用历史的宗教的因素，为其灭绝犹太人而创设了广泛的社会基础，使得这一理论更加具有普遍的煽动性。希特勒一上台，之所以能够顺利推行一整套疯狂迫害犹太人的反犹灭犹政策，无疑得益于他这个荒谬绝伦的理论。其次，纳粹党还利用当时德国国内广大群众痛恨凡尔赛和约的心理，煽动复仇主义情绪，并把这种情绪转移到犹太人身上。

在这四大原因中，现实的需要是最直接的要素，其它两方面的原因也是非常重要的因素，如果没有历史的原因和宗教的情结作为先导性条件，那么，即使现实再需要，也很难想象会达到如此疯狂和残忍的程度。只有当这四方面的原因聚合为一体时，才产生了那可怕可憎的充满血腥的驱动力。

任何历史事件都是社会各种相关因素合力作用的产物，或者说是时事造就的。二战期间，600万犹太人惨遭杀害，希特勒当属罪魁。希特勒对犹太人特有的种族仇恨和政治嫉恨，是政治狂人病态心理的一种特殊反映。导致希特勒严重病态心理的“菌种”就是来自历史成见和宗教情结，恰好又得到了当时德国社会环境的孕育。确切地说，希特勒的严重病态心理与当时德国社会政治生活的疯狂病态是相辅相成的。一方面，疯狂的病态心理正是历史成见、宗教情结和现实需要三大原因的粘合剂；另一方面，这三大原因的聚合又把希特勒疯狂病态的心理推向了极端，从而引发了那场人类历史的大悲剧。

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Roots of Hitler's and the Nazis' Hatred of Jews （胆小的勿进，图片很恐怖）

某位中国学者的观点