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Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable
$ @1 s+ f4 W Q6 w+ N- w
1 V( S( o, w9 t3 h+ ^2 u- R- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -
' v: C1 c1 E' q; H4 K6 S
; O/ Q: k ?, W1 o TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market
1 ^$ o1 R" Q1 d( G; [1 Nexhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third
- h8 l i! K" v' t& W& o/ xquarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic
4 s# C, u H1 l- Uin the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit
/ F, p9 A' ?' f4 K6 f# A4 E/ ~" Rprice gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and* C% h1 Q" B7 ?5 }+ m7 F
more reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario,
# q: w4 D4 e1 w; \. w- LQuebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal
' E% e7 N9 o yLePage Real Estate Services.: Y% y4 T* ^: l- I% H- y
0 Y& h! f% \2 H6 L Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters. T4 S# [6 @- \. o) G' o9 ]0 z
are forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic
$ \9 x% G: J' k8 bconditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and* c( N8 L. F% j" {0 O
sound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the
) g) @1 d) r# f; ?2 h3 Lresidential real estate sector.: s2 x: P! V; ]- y" r' p! c
5 D# d8 [3 N% f9 Z
Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation
4 g8 v2 v+ d! n7 P1 {occurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%)
, J: M* Y6 E; P/ [4 j+ Q8 wyear-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,562& I4 A3 R# A+ a
(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,380; h# u+ A3 `# d$ Q6 @
(+13.2%).7 J/ @5 [/ k0 e! X
, K! q( U; _+ `: @% T3 n9 r "Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth
; }4 F& ^; i xduring the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the4 I) l8 K* l/ J m9 X
frenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are
! C0 O0 O6 u6 C( C4 f9 ipoised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,
/ S; `7 c$ C; X6 Tpresident and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services.2 Z9 G6 X5 z0 v
"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We- c1 }3 y0 n' J( I( S, a% k
welcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy
. Z' B N" i# h' n+ b" Abalanced market."
) e) i4 E2 p5 S! F+ G: m* H) b# u: Q- i3 l& T
Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices,
5 q$ w0 j, |& C6 mconsiderable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift
+ i/ G0 J) B% j2 E) }to balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued0 L, d% e' X5 F8 H6 [/ Y
throughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core3 L+ g7 B7 u7 t- W
energy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,* | q9 Q" T' a! F' k
manageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record. X/ P+ A4 B" x, s" M
breaking price appreciations.
4 ?/ X/ o8 Z$ a. A$ N c9 a2 Z3 j% |# o' O
Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding
. V6 m$ W* S3 P+ D- M3 M. Oeconomy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the; L. L7 A3 l6 L4 g0 r/ l: Q2 [3 R
largest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed.
( M2 j* Q* |0 u
p+ @- n4 ~8 B: `! k In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid
; I$ N- @/ S7 g6 O) s# P& R F) \ ueconomic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer
% F1 u8 Q% W" ^0 w! H+ Lconfidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off& ^( ~! k, c3 ^ @/ ^
slightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth.
$ |" z1 b3 D1 M' dIn Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers
1 @) P0 g! h& d! A$ wgreater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of; x( C* s+ ^) U6 e. s' x3 Y+ Z# u. r
price appreciation when compared with 2005.
/ ^/ u3 q4 O8 `5 O- x2 O2 e! a+ ?) C( j2 h9 c
While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing( E4 | @# \- T
market is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and
3 K" ]! r8 H/ g3 ^8 G3 }4 x" h8 M: efinancial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada# r% L* A, L) t8 f4 `$ B
are markedly different than those found in the United States.& }. K( D6 H* ]* x
1 G- ^8 K+ N% \) s
Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the
! p9 J. f. Q# P5 x+ @( L- WAmerican market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's8 Y: F9 H' H; I7 i
favour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the9 \3 W& x( P- A1 ~' e
relatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general
/ I2 B* x. |' a& b' `affordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the6 N. O6 t4 V$ {; E; A1 b7 r
downside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and
; I! w- `1 I4 Z0 @aggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization
8 ~6 S: d: l' Kmortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."
: Z7 [6 Y9 n, J2 c) _1 p: ?. m# ~/ X6 ^0 h- ]' K
<<! g3 P# i6 r3 c! R8 S/ b% l
REGIONAL SUMMARIES
0 \. g5 K/ c2 A# s3 b) T" j >>/ D( q" \3 M% @5 r% U( G1 z+ M
7 |% K; n& Z$ @- Y N1 c2 `# S1 r
Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in$ r/ U! {& X" ]! y( l
Halifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate V' A) U$ U, C7 D: F
of price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time
. u2 a2 u1 Z" h, r$ l2 Clooking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of
* ~5 A1 u* ?1 t3 G) r! e6 G, Drenovations.
, `9 E0 \, j( L- M! I7 T( k6 ~' m
- u9 C6 \" R; O$ a& Z! d( ]; } The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight9 \! E" l3 w* g& X# e9 H2 ` @
increase in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation
2 D3 }' R' p' C6 E' {0 x" |compared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and$ }# |( B3 I+ A3 T. C: L
September and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.
! `9 }0 F( ?9 n: q, |# ~' ?0 T1 ?
% a* Z0 W5 C1 O' h& ~ The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer6 x& _7 |1 m6 Z2 e0 P1 U
slowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the
6 b2 n5 N9 ?! {0 f6 uquarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new0 Y; n7 c: Z# E1 E/ G
600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores: `* Y3 B$ H+ y; _
to the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes3 f$ E0 O+ X3 y7 s; e
and are instead opting for more affordable housing options.
" U% P6 B. e( Y) D: O; b
# E h/ \& E. A. {% u" [ In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced
3 V2 g! Y1 Q5 ?- \conditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their
- N4 K5 W( Y I, Z5 lhomes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers
! U7 I7 |' Y& t! Qwas down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian
/ `& I9 \: L" z* b0 Vdollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing
$ q* h8 J2 |( P' h: Qbuyers with more options when looking for a home.5 u# O9 m C. S$ k5 @' I6 z
6 D, r- |& ~- S" v H/ s Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly
% I/ E6 E" w, K& Y% ^8 mamong higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes# n) ~" H* @' l, o
priced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,
% u9 t1 w8 @% K: p+ Pas some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last, j4 j U! w) k' l. M M0 K& B
few years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions.. A0 [' |; J8 }( D$ a
' a3 M% M( l9 c0 e/ q6 O- k+ p Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house
( e/ `4 y( b, o$ ]6 I" N7 @% l! b( Gprices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory
$ A; f5 D5 K9 m% b vlevels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting
( @" e) f$ y; j! x9 [9 Ofirst-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1,) g. O K+ g, ]$ M
when rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the9 y. \, _6 ?3 n2 _/ P; j
pressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before
1 K1 g# R" W) y, [, i1 f. R# omaking a purchase.0 U) U, o1 b5 y
9 t4 A* c3 s8 G! d0 ?8 C' L Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing/ G3 s; v. `7 _) d
markets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong1 X" U0 U; d( F' a3 N- N
confidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city4 u6 I. N9 {& p8 W7 I1 \
centre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting
3 E) y Q/ B( v! U' Battention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown& F j) f2 U9 k+ D# {' p' K
amenities." U+ P8 C0 o. Q$ w- o* E. w
, E+ G2 U! O* n0 p2 D [ The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels `9 y1 l7 |4 e, R0 p& L
throughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand) K& A1 v$ t- n
across the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has/ ?# @4 P. y2 Z& S; ?
continued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been
- a. V' l& s, ]* {driven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle% W( g2 [( M- I
residence, rather than for investment.$ c, [ H+ S3 z. x+ _
6 b; e% j4 l$ c! s& N The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as" C X1 ?- j+ z" Z/ R2 {
house prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted, o+ t, g* G6 _8 R x- U6 P- m2 m
in a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer
" z- g7 o1 Z7 _7 j& oconfidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization
5 n( l3 E$ S3 q4 |) V, h Brate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter
, N( l- O) V1 D# |& q# U5 Ithe market.
. \: v9 o" c% [8 Z: `$ z7 K
; a( P; S6 C# L; e In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through
! o+ o) W1 R# O- h' ]/ vJuly, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In
) z( t/ M3 \4 `/ M" }4 F8 i SAugust, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring
8 V% ^5 V) l& p7 `. [3 wmonths, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due
9 w& j) k+ k9 e: ato the shortage of available inventory.
4 j, m$ R8 L7 }6 v! e* o n/ F) c/ N, p$ ~9 i; x7 L
Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its
% r& K+ n' }7 i- k2 Bmomentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains
( v1 j5 k9 L1 X; vvibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses
8 m( B, E( R4 I- j; ?% mstruggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.3 u. v4 {) C4 U+ ]5 _
% j0 @, i @& r4 k Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases& x& |! j: x$ }! N7 d8 t' \
in the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low
) J& C& r! L1 ?5 m8 eunemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that6 q2 { Q; A8 [ H# o
pressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring5 s7 o8 H4 q5 z+ X+ T* U
prices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer' N P) u; n5 N5 u* E0 Z
season - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as
" {7 O$ G& C0 V8 `( Fbuyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity.1 n$ o) ^8 x. j4 m, L
' C" D) F, x* ] Q" u Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter
( W% ~% c! O! a$ Oas activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton
% Y6 g& k7 w( ^ e7 G& Yremained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry,
. X' }! v, r$ ~6 E$ o X3 N) t5 wmaintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices
8 P9 }7 `. @% @; W, h$ Z b8 Dincreasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve. k! O; `' I Z, t3 _7 m* m
in the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly$ b8 I. ]/ O7 @- m' t4 z
towards the end of 2006. # ~$ p$ s6 Q+ M( @
. }9 ?$ g0 j& I: eWhile Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of
! q0 L% U/ f# @8 F5 Zinventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable
1 _4 h! p. y i' g# \to meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse
- z3 g/ e$ j( u1 Y2 K: F$ W8 ~group of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to4 ]7 Z' [+ V+ c" M( T* v3 p
foreign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added
- `" Y x' i' ~5 Opressure on tight inventory levels.
, h) u& ~5 P7 T2 F0 c: ^% s* g z! |2 S
Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic
* g% e" {8 Y7 X$ c; ^. qfundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people
: O3 D% o. I+ J- @into the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases;
1 d$ i# n& c4 ]# @0 A/ O5 ewhile increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching
3 Q. c3 P5 ]2 p" `+ r! ufor a home, helping to normalize the market's pace.7 ^2 z8 D7 N; s4 c6 N& G ^$ t
, b6 X& D6 j" q4 N9 W <<! p9 i @$ T& K$ e. C2 ?: Z& B# d
Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 2006: k1 e6 D/ D* p4 t* I2 x. B
5 ]/ z: e2 r+ S/ u. _1 h2 ]4 b, Q -------------------------------------------------------------------------- r/ ]5 m( h2 a/ P& [
Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey
, X; W% ^) ~) h: i -------------------------------------------------------------------------
* L. k+ p" ]& l8 L! K" b* Z 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q34 `; m2 D% w$ U8 q
Market Average Average % Change Average Average( ^* y% j: { z0 j
-------------------------------------------------------------------------, k+ b' [4 ^! Z* j; u! j. y8 r
Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,000
3 T( k N+ L( ~ -------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 l5 p Q/ ^2 G% q Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,000! D& o/ z5 o3 a. X$ P) t# a
-------------------------------------------------------------------------; z5 P2 G; M e9 x' O2 U" O
Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,000
: e; F# t8 F$ b, j -------------------------------------------------------------------------2 h& E$ _1 I* J4 X
Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -
0 D6 }5 h* C9 j; [! W5 P -------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 F- U) R7 j4 Y+ t4 A+ d/ L St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,333) M$ V. u( O) v: Z2 \5 b# m, G
-------------------------------------------------------------------------5 k: t5 N) P! Z& y" Q# S, Y( f+ {
Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,583" N) p5 f; }0 s
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Z& H8 u6 ^+ m# k" R Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,1859 p% n( _# G6 r+ D
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
, y! P6 {% M/ i! Q8 D Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,2506 j( _, T! b4 h1 l3 `$ k
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
- R0 ]) H+ q# O, a ~% v Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,766) [+ ` ^! g" K& k+ M# L
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 w5 T7 a* ^; P' r4 o Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,707 h3 a* [$ D% h/ V
-------------------------------------------------------------------------, C; i% E+ F6 N# S- u/ U) p4 a4 G% v3 u
Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,5002 Z1 a D% t- _- O- ]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------& b2 w# w% J- Y3 L0 j
Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,389
& A0 A/ h. E! W1 D8 e -------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ ?* h" M. X9 B1 e- J t3 ?; q, [ Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,714
/ T6 f" R# g7 g+ w' P& u5 Y -------------------------------------------------------------------------
! @ R& p: M# e6 t5 t1 B+ m Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,500
, @4 g0 x7 i$ I, g" ~2 r" o -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 a7 G {3 H: `# X8 L* u' {6 A Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,000
# e1 H: v* c3 E: i -------------------------------------------------------------------------
( `1 m A0 q! E' G National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,860
; h& C) i; ]8 k3 t( q6 u0 ^ -------------------------------------------------------------------------$ I; c9 F6 b G8 I0 Q' g; D5 a5 O% C0 F
- a# Q! g* _0 B6 i/ D
-------------------------------------------------------------4 G1 E; Z9 i" w3 z3 P
Standard Condominium
5 b# h, c, R# m -------------------------------------------------------------3 G+ O! j: _: [, B5 C
2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo( R8 H) X7 T# d7 M2 G
Market % Change Average Average % Change
2 a0 e& \) Z6 ^- g. k& } -------------------------------------------------------------
' k4 ?" ^; {, X9 q5 o+ d, d Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9%! k Z, e) J5 N5 ~3 y
-------------------------------------------------------------
8 |1 Z) r e H7 M- _- `1 ] Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%
; Q! b/ P( {5 s# e$ g6 @0 F -------------------------------------------------------------' K. t: ^- c' }4 u& X4 L+ y
Moncton 4.9% - - N/A
" X+ b6 b% L- r0 w" D* H/ j& l5 q -------------------------------------------------------------' s4 ]9 P% i3 t e x! W
Saint John N/A - - N/A
& w+ }$ Q. [0 U5 R! r) v; C -------------------------------------------------------------
3 v. i3 T+ K" s) y% [; _ St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%$ T& t, Q# V: h1 t3 g
-------------------------------------------------------------
3 f, N7 s; O! h( K+ k5 t, O" G* J Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4%- ?! a4 b0 W* F, o2 {. B; f, g" D
-------------------------------------------------------------- s) \3 j4 w: Z2 [5 q
Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8%) x. X4 U# ?& | |
-------------------------------------------------------------+ g- J) f; o; A( @% K9 Z2 a) S3 x
Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1%+ @; D& z* b6 u! j1 i
-------------------------------------------------------------
, }7 m$ T t# ~* P Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%
! A9 _( U3 f; y; S -------------------------------------------------------------
0 S# r( |; Z/ [, J [5 z7 o Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0%# n( H9 z' V0 ?/ I8 k2 P# k# h
-------------------------------------------------------------6 h# V2 Z) t0 c
Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%
" T* ?2 Q" x: w! C" b6 p. r -------------------------------------------------------------" Z9 B2 p. n2 C8 m+ B# D: V& |
Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8%0 z4 g! { f) [0 O% p! \7 ?
-------------------------------------------------------------
( `8 U; ]( k( C( G Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4%2 b0 `0 ~5 u' _5 r" m# H* b$ x9 R) [4 k
-------------------------------------------------------------" i% G# G/ Q) p( b0 ]: O6 J; h
Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3%7 o) V, C- X! H) v
-------------------------------------------------------------
" ]4 `% D) v" l) ^/ \/ H7 W3 E6 t8 D Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%# G+ {5 [, d, r: k' T; z; M1 H
-------------------------------------------------------------
4 I {- e0 Q3 o National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2%
: K, ?" }- s1 T3 g -------------------------------------------------------------
2 o9 o/ N2 j/ Z. l >>( ]# J: K: i2 [9 {& \ i- N0 g) i. Y! o2 X
1 l8 O \ V1 w' Z: t, U Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined
) U: |1 |' M W0 Ain the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint
$ v8 g6 \- j* p8 CJohn and Victoria.
7 r, m; }5 K- i6 z( o6 W9 ], \$ A. c2 \, u3 T) T
The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most
- Q" z; B5 h' K; Rcomprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of
. r a8 ]7 M4 T! n% W, A/ U1 w5 Thousing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release z! M: T: S2 j3 t" x
references an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price, S, e. k# E2 R4 Y3 N6 m
trends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities
h/ ^7 `2 s6 ?0 S% ?across the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is! h( L* S$ }5 [: S; J& A5 m* D$ L
available on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current# n$ I9 Q' M/ u. w+ |9 ?. A9 V
figures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable
# Z3 G2 C5 `& z9 pversion of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on7 W9 U+ ^5 V% S3 P- B9 ~
November 15, 2006.. u( @( w/ W4 B A2 e9 r
Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of4 m% g( m8 T3 O6 S
fair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge* N, `" e. ?& a
provided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is( b) z2 q0 \$ z' S( m
available for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
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